WEBOver a period of about forty years (1928 – 1969), the Pedersen Process for the production of alumina was run in Hoyanger, Norway, with an annual production of about 17,000 metric tons. ... [PDF] 1 Excerpt; Save. ... The Pedersen Process is an alternative process for the production of alumina. Initially, bauxite ores, ...
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WEBDec 12, 2023 · The system boundaries comprehend the bauxite mining (the energy requirements and water needed per ton of alumina), the bauxite transport (first 60 km by train and then 5300 km by ship), and finally the water, energy, and most important raw materials (NaOH, CaO) needed to produce 1 ton of alumina through Bayer process.
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WEBThe Bayer process is a chemical process for refining aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH) 3 from bauxite; this aluminium hydroxide is subsequently calcined to produce alumina, Al 2 O basis of the Bayer process is an understanding of the characteristics of the sodiumhydroxide—sodiumaluminate solution relationship, namely its ability to keep sodium .
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WEBDOI: / Corpus ID: ; Sulfur removal by adding aluminum in the bayer process of highsulfur bauxite article{Liu2018SulfurRB, title={Sulfur removal by adding aluminum in the bayer process of highsulfur bauxite}, author={Zhanwei Liu and Dunyong Li and Wenhui Ma and Hengwei Yan and Keqiang .
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WEBJan 1, 2023 · The aluminum industry is quite resource intensive. Bauxite is the only ore commercially used for extracting aluminum metal. The complete value chain for aluminum production is depicted in Figure, Figure, which shows the raw materials needed for the metal ore is processed to produce alumina by the Bayer process.
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WEBApr 3, 2023 · Request PDF | A clean twostage Bayer process for achieving nearzero waste discharge from highiron gibbsitic bauxite | The current Bayer process focused on alumina extraction without considering ...
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WEBJun 1, 2014 · The dissolution of aluminum hydroxides from bauxite ores constitutes a key process in the aluminum industry. Generally, aluminum minerals in bauxites are present in the form of gibbsite and/or ...
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WEBMay 1, 2010 · Almost all alumina plants in the world use the Bayer process, patented over 120 years ago [US Patent 515,895 Process of making alumina, Karl Bayer], to refine bauxite to this process, a large volume of caustic liquor circulates continuously around the plant (see Figure 2).Bauxite is fed into the caustic stream and, after a .
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WEBJul 1, 2010 · In the Bayer process, the bauxite dissolves in a sodium. hydroxide solution at temperatures ranging from 373 to 543. K depending on the form of alumina in the bauxite [1,10]. Dissolution ...
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WEBJan 1, 2012 · The Bayer process of alumina extraction is a basic commercial procedure. and more than 90 % of the world alumina production is obtained in this way. Despite the fact that this process has be en ...
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WEBApr 1, 2023 · The amount of red mud produced by an alumina refinery depended primarily on the bauxite types and alumina extraction process. The production rates of red mud were generally expressed in the tons of dry slag per ton of alumina produced and ranged from to [50], [51]. Global annual red mud emissions exceeded 150 million tons in .
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WEBJan 23, 2022 · The Bayer Process was patented in 1888 in Germany by the Austrian chemist, Karl Joseph Bayer [].The simple chemistry of the process is that the hydrated forms of aluminum in bauxite, readily dissolve in heated caustic (NaOH) solutions (the DIGESTION step, see Chap. 4).The advantage is that nearly all of the minerals in .
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WEBThe filtrate is heated with water to get aluminium hydroxide which on strong heating gives alumina. HallHeroult Process. The HallHeroult process is widely used in the extraction of aluminium. In HallHeroults process, pure Al 2 O 3 is mixed with CaF 2 or Na 3 AlF 6. This results in lowering the melting point of the mixture and increases its ...
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WEBNov 6, 2023 · The process reduces bauxite residue by a remarkable 30% by eliminating iron values while simultaneously recovering a higher alumina yield, reducing the total organic content from bauxite during the alumina refining. The process significantly enhances resource efficiency and curbs energy consumption during refining.
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WEBBauxite is the main source of the rare metal gallium. During the processing of bauxite to alumina in the Bayer process, gallium accumulates in the sodium hydroxide liquor. From this it can be extracted by a variety of methods. The most recent is .
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WEBCharacterization of Bauxite, Alumina and Red Mud The alumina obtained from trial process was analyzed by Xray diffraction (XRD) to determine the efficiency of the extraction process. Chemical composition of red mud obtained under the two processing conditions (trial and optimum) was determined by Xray Fluorescence (XRF) with aim of ...
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WEBThe Bayer Process (for alumina) as we know it today involves two steps: • The pressure leaching of bauxite with NaOH solution to obtain sodium aluminate solution. • The precipitation of pure aluminum hydroxide from this solution by seeding with fine crystals of Al(OH)3 . The leaching step was invented five years after the precipitation step (Table .
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WEBFour tons of bauxite produce one ton of aluminum—enough to make the cans for more than 60,000 soft drinks. Bauxite is formed over millions of years by chemical weathering of rocks containing aluminum silies, producing an ore rich in aluminum oxide. Today, bauxite is mined primarily in Africa, Australia and the Caribbean. Step 2: Refining ...
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WEBApr 11, 2017 · T o obtain aluminium ingots from bauxite, three main processes are involved: the Bayer process to produce alumina from bauxite; the anode. manufacturing process to produce electrodes, and the ...
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WEBJan 23, 2022 · In this chapter the Authors summarize the typical features of bauxite which are believed to play roles in mining, beneficiation and mainly in alumina processing, that is, the industrial value of ...
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WEBMay 1, 2014 · Abstract. To describe bauxite mining and alumina refining processes and to outline the relevant physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial health risks. Review article. The most ...
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WEBMar 12, 2024 · High iron bauxite (IRB), red mud (RM), and fly ash (FA) are resources rich in iron and alumina, yet there are no effective methods of recovering and utilizing them. In this paper, a new reduction smelting technology for the extraction of iron and alumina from IRB, RM, and FA is proposed based on the technology platform of "Slag Metallurgy, .
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WEBDec 8, 2009 · Bauxite residue (red mud) is a solid waste produced in the process of alumina extraction from bauxite. More than 70 million tons of bauxite residue is generated annually. Presently, it is stored on land or in the ocean near alumina refineries. However, its high alkalinity is a potential pollution to water, land and air of close proximity.
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WEBThe Bayer Process is the most economic means of obtaining alumina from bauxite. Other processes for obtaining alumina from metal ores are also in use in some refineries, particularly in China and Russia, although these make up a relatively small percentage of global production. The process stages are: 1. Milling
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WEBOct 18, 2015 · Several methods of deep desulfurization in alumina production process were studied, and the costs of these methods were compared. It is found that most of the S2−removed by adding sodium nitrate or hydrogen peroxide in digestion process, and in this way the effect of S2− on alumina product quality is eliminated. However, the .
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WEB2016. Alumina (Al2O3) is the main material used for the aluminum production, which is originated from bauxite ore through hydrothermal processes. Although bauxite conversion to alumina can be done through a few competitive processes, the main commercial process is still the wellknown Bayer process. This process has specific environmental ...
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WEBIn an alumina refinery bauxite is processed into pure aluminium oxide (alumina, or Al 2 O 3), which is the main raw material required for production of primary aluminium. The Bayer process extracts alumina by caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at high temperature and pressure in an autoclave, followed by clarifiion, precipitation, washing ...
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WEBAn electrical current is run through the mixture, causing the carbon from the carbon anode to attach to the oxygen component in the alumina, yielding aluminum and carbon dioxide: 2 Al2O3 + 3 C > 4 Al + 3 CO2. This process takes place at temperatures between 940980º C and yields an aluminum of high purity.
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WEBJun 13, 2021 · Request PDF | Extraction of Aluminum and Iron from Bauxite: A Unique ClosedLoop Ore Refining Process Utilizing Oxalate Chemistry | The Bayer process holds an exclusive status for alumina ...
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WEBMar 1, 2014 · This paper presents the results of nonlinear statistical modeling of the bauxite leaching process, as part of Bayer. technology for alumina production. Based on the data, collected during the year ...
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WEBThe discussion of alumina quality will be relevant to people on the smelter side, as this is the interface between refinery and smelter. Emphasis is placed on the major steps of the Bayer Process including: digestion, clarifiion, precipitation, calcination, and management of water, energy, and bauxite residue.
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WEBSep 1, 2021 · Request PDF | Extraction of Aluminum and Iron from Bauxite: A Unique Closed‐Loop Ore Refining Process Utilizing Oxalate Chemistry | The Bayer process holds an exclusive status for alumina ...
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WEBMar 30, 2016 · Bauxite ore is the main raw material for aluminum production, it is converted into alumina (Al2O3) to obtain a proper charge material for aluminum production in HallHeroult process. Bayer process is the main commercial alumina production method in which bauxite ore is first digested by NaOH at moderate hydrothermal .
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